Magnetic techniques used in surgery:

- Magnetic Compression Technique

Magnetic Compression Anastomosos (MCA) (2001) --> Magnamosis (2009)

The principle: based on the natural process of tissue remodeling and healing

A constant pressure is exerted on the apposed walls of two visceral segments by magnetic devices leading to transmural ischemia, necrosis, and healing with, finally, full-thickness anastomosis between the segments.

• non-penetrating compression anastomosis, minimizing inflammatory reaction
• incision-less and suture-less anastomosis
• easily applied to minimally-invasive procedures
• self-assembling for creation of anastomosis
• self-adjusting according to individual tissue thickness
• MRI inspection is limited
• application may be limited to patients with pacemakers
• magnetic force is difficult to be precisely controlled
• the effects of long-term exposure to magnetic field is still largely unknown

- Magnetic Anchoring Technique

 Used in:

• robotic surgery
• laparascopic surgery  
• endoscopic surgery

- Magnetic Navigation Technique

- Magnetic Levitation Technique

LIver transplantation using magnamosis (? ) tecnhique.

Laparoscopic Liver transplantation. Amazing.

Magnetic Compression Tecnique-Magnamosis. Based on tissue remodeling and healing. U kinda compress the middle and under the pressure exerted on the apposed walls of two visceral segments, they full-thickens.

Anastomosis is a surgical connection between two structures. Like when part of the intestine is removed left parts anatomized to each otther.​

Magnetic Anchoring technique (most widely used0)

​​​​​​​Laparoscopy is the type of surgery where skin incisions are minimized. Uses robots.

Magnetic Navigation Technique Navigated by magnets (endoscopy, bronchoscopy)

Magnetic levitation technique. Artificial heart.

​​​​​​​Magnetic tracking technique. Because of too much radiation in surgery. Radiation free. No line of sight is required. 

​​​​​​​Magnetic Nanoparticles for imaging. Increase of MRI sensitivity. 

Magnetic surgery-surgerical treatment using utilized magnetic devices. 

- Anchoring (gallbladder through external)

-Temporary implanted (2-3 weeks)

-Permanentrly implanted. Most useful - titanium alloys. Stomach sphincter opening. First proposed and published in 2013. 

​​​​​​​Material- NdFeB. Neodiymium iron boron coated with gold or titanium nittrate (TiN).

​​​​​​​Gamma radiation is most powerfull technique for sterilization. 

the  disadvantage  of   magnamosis

(1)MRI   inspection  is   limited

(2)application   may  be   limited  to  patients  with   pacemakerd

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Magnetic Surgery (Lv Yi, 2012)

surgical treatment by utilization of magnetic technology, including magnetic devices and carriers

advantages:

• facilitates minimally invasive procedures

Magnetic devices used in surgery:

Intraoperatively used

• utilized in magnetic anchoring and magnetic navigation techniques
• meant to be removed at the end of the procedure
• reduce the number of ports needed to adequately perform retraction, conserve triangulation, and generate surgical area in a safe and efficient way
• example: magnetic anchoring devices for laparoscopic surgery (eg. Levita Magnetic Surgical System)

Temporarily planted

• utilized in magnetic compression anastomoses of hollow viscera such as digestive tract (eg. small intestine), as well as in vascular anastomoses
• meant to work over a period of time after the surgical procedure has ended (eg. 2-3 weeks)
• titanium nitride coating is recommended (is stable in the body for at least 500 hours)

Permanently implanted

• meant to remain intracorporeal for the life of the patient
• example: magnetic sphincter augmentation for gastroesophagal reflux disease (disfunction of the cardiac sphincter of the stomach) and magnetic hyoid suspension for sleep apnea (the patient's airways collapse during sleep)
• titanium alloy sealing by laser is recommended

Magnetic materials used in surgery:

Neodymium iron boron (NdFeB) - the most powerful magnetic material on Earth

• guarantees adequate magnetic force
• can be paired with magnetizable materials
• is a corrosive substance and has poor stability
• will release harmful ions during corrosion

Solution: Surface coatings and layers:

• ensure biocompatibility
• prevent leaking of toxic components into tissue

eg. polycarbonate, gold, parolene (in multiple layers for redundancy)

Sterilization Methods:

should not cause corrosion and degradation of magnetic properties

• corrosive sterilization
• high temperature sterilization 
• ethylene oxide sterilization
• low temperature cold plasma techniques
• gamma radiation sterilization